An Overview Of Biomedical Sciences Techniques Sciences Essay Example

An Overview Of Biomedical Sciences Techniques Sciences Essay Example An Overview Of Biomedical Sciences Techniques Sciences Essay An Overview Of Biomedical Sciences Techniques Sciences Essay A typical bacteria has a stiff cell wall and a thin, rubbery cell membrane environing the fluid, or cytol inside the cell. A bacteria contains all of the familial information needed to do transcripts of itself, its DNA in a construction called a chromosome. In add-on, it may hold excess loose spots of DNA called plasmids drifting in the cytol. Bacteria besides have ribosome s tools necessary for copying DNA so bacteriums can reproduce. Some have filamentous constructions called scourge that they use to travel. 3.The features of Bacteria Most Bacterias can devour things that are already dead. They decompose materials like caducous tegument, carcases, and works spots such as foliages. These do it by releasing digesting enzymes outside themselves onto the nutrient beginning. The bacterium so absorb merely what they need. Other bacteriums can photosynthesize. These include the blue-green algaes that produce O for our ambiance. Then there are the violet non-sulfur bacteriums that do both, photosynthesize and acquire their energy from organic compounds. Some symbiotic bacteriums help us digest the nutrient we consume. These good intestine vegetations provide us with indispensable foods like vitamin B1 A ; B6 which we can non do ourselves. Bacterias can clone themselves ; this is the manner in which they reproduce. Bacteria reproduces asexually and this is referred as Binary Fission ; this is when one good splits ( fission ) to give two ( binary ) cells. 4.The construction of Viruss The nucleic acid of a virion is enclosed within a protein coat, or mirid bug, composed of multiple transcripts of one protein or a few different proteins, each of which is encoded by a individual viral cistron. Because of this construction, a virus is able to encode all the information for doing a comparatively big mirid bug in a little figure of cistrons. This efficient usage of familial information is of import, since merely a limited sum of RNA or DNA, and hence a limited figure of cis trons, can suit into a virion mirid bug. A mirid bug plus the enclosed nucleic acid is called a nucleocapsid. 5.The features of Viruss A virus is really different compared to bacteria s and Fungi s ; it s basically a bringing mechanism for a spot of DNA or RNA. They re really, really little ; some can merely be seen under really powerful negatron micrographs. They ca nt reproduce on their ain. But they attach to one of your cells, and by utilizing those strands of Deoxyribonucleic acid or RNA, they reprogram these cells to do new transcripts of themselves and this straight disrupts the cell s usual map, and finally kills it. 8.The construction of Fungi Fungi s are eucaryotic bugs. A eucaryotic bug consists of a cardinal karyon and they are more complex and much larger than procaryotes. Funguss are composed of fragments of nucleic acid which is surrounded by protein coats. Fungi s have three basic signifiers ; cast, mushrooms and barm: although some Fungis may dwell of both signifier s. Casts are structured by filiform hyphae. A barm cell consists of a unit of ammunition or ellipse cells, they are by and large non consisted with a hyphae and they are non presented with a furred visual aspect. Hyphae s are fibrils of life substances. They are consisted of a karyon and cytol and a cell wall which is so composed of a chitin or cellulose. Funguss can be sexual or nonsexual reproduction. Budding is consisted to be nonsexual and spores are known to be sexual reproduction. 9.The features of Funguss There are two sorts of fungus: existent fungus and fungoids. Fungoids are beings that lead a similar life to that of fungus. Real Fungis are more similar to animate beings than to workss. They eat, they do nt photosynthesize like workss. They can be a individual cell like barms or have many cells like mushrooms. Funguss are the first to colonise a new district and they prepare the dirt for workss. They besides cut down or break up dead organic affair. Some are parasites and cause and some are simbionts ( lichens are formed by the interaction of a fungus and algae ) , and some live freely, Fungi s are besides specific in their action ; they ever infect a peculiar organ or being. Undertaking 2 ( M1 ) 1 )Hiv HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus ) is a lentivirus ( which is a member of the retrovirus household ) that can take to AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ) , a status in worlds in which the immune system begins to neglect, taking to dangerous timeserving infections. HIV s beginning of infection is by genital spread. This is spread from organic structure fluids through sexual intercourse. Fortunately, the viruses do non last in air and are rapidly killed by hot H2O and detergent. They can merely be passed from individual to individual by direct contact between organic structure fluids, chiefly blood. The most common ways in which transmittal occurs are: during unprotected ( without utilizing rubbers ) homosexual or heterosexual intercourse. HIV can besides be transmitted to one and another by utilizing a acerate leaf for endovenous injection which has been used by an septic individual. It can besides be passed on by having contaminated blood merchandises, for illustration in t he intervention for hemophilia or during a blood transfusion. A foetus may be infected by its female parent, as the viruses can go through across the placenta. A babe can besides be infected during the procedure of birth or by its female parent s milk. When the virus enters the human organic structure it parasitizes really of import cells of the immune system called assistant T cells. The assistant T cells non merely help the slayer T cells to destruct viruses and malignant neoplastic diseases, but they besides help some B cells to bring forth antibodies. The immune system is badly disrupted if the HIV becomes active and harms the effectivity of their host cells. The chief symptoms of matured AIDS include the development of other diseases to which healthy people would rapidly develop unsusceptibility. 2 )Candida Albicans: Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that commonly causes infections. Candida albicans lives in the mucose membranes of the oral cavity, vaginal piece of land, and the bowels. Certain conditions such as gestation, unwritten contraceptive method, antibiotic usage, or a compromised immune system can do an giantism of Candida doing it an infection. The human organic structure contains a huge figure of different microorganisms, including Fungi, both on the interior and on the exterior. Some of these microorganisms are good. Others have no consequence until either there is a alteration in their nature or there is a lessening in the organic structure s opposition to them. This allows one type to turn overly and leads to an infection a fungous infection of the tegument. In rule, Candida albicans can infect all countries of the tegument every bit good as the mucose membranes but it prefers warm moist topographic points. Infections by Candida albicans, particularly the discrepancies that are found in the mucose membranes or the genitalias, are contagious. They can be spread from individual to individual by direct contact, by sexual contact and indirectly by moist towels or flannels. However, Candida albicans are capable of reproducing by unwritten thrush which appears in the oral cavity. This is when it is consisted of yellow like musca volitanss. When Candida albican enter the human organic structure it becomes aggressive and begins to occupy the circulatory system from where they can easy aim different parts of the organic structure. However, Candida albicans largely multiplies in the hot and humid status and hence the parts of the organic structure which remain moistnesss are more prone to acquire affected by its complication. Candida albicans are besides capable of giving out assorted types of toxins when they aim any organ worsening the status. 3 )Streptococcus This is a type of genus of a non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerophilic to facultatively anaerobic bacteriums which contains Gram-positive, ball-shaped or egg-shaped cells that occur in braces or in short or long ironss. Dextrorotatory lactic acid id the chief merchandise of carbohydrate agitation. These beings occur regurlarly in the oral cavity and bowels of worlds and other animate beings, in dairy and other nutrient merchandises, and in fermenting works juices. Some species are infective. The type species is streptococcus pyogenes. The beginnings of infection in this type of bacteriums exists around in salivary spread ( unwritten secernments ) , it can be spread by person-to-person contact or by exposure to sneezing and coughing. Keeping custodies can convey it if the septic individual has coughed or sneezed on his manus or wiped his oral cavity. Sharing nutrient, drinks and utensils can distribute it. It s on toothbrushes. Merely holding person talk at you is non likely to make i t as it requires more than insouciant contact of this kind. Snoging can sometimes do it but is less of an issue. This bacteria is located in the upper respiratory mucous secretion. Oral contact with person infected by streptococci is extremely contagious because the all right mist caused by the bacterium is adequate to distribute the bacteriums. 4 )Malarias Malaria is caused by a one-celled being, a protoctistan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Malaria is spread by vector-borne disease, this means when they enter through blood suction or through consuming the fecal matters of the vector. This can so distribute from human to human by blood contact ( body fluids ) . the mosquito Acts of the Apostless as a vector, by conveying the parasite from one individual to another. When a bite is introduced into the blood by a female mosquito bite, the parasites multiply inside the liver cells before emerging to occupy and multiply inside the red blood cells ( ruddy blood cells ) . From so on, the parasites emerge from the red blood cells, let go ofing toxins in the blood, and it invades more red blood cells at regular intervals. The length of the rhythms varies with the species of Plasmodium. Every clip the toxins are released, the immune reactions of the organic structure which destroy them are accompanied by terrible febrilities. These febrilitie s with their turns of icinesss and workout suits can diminish in badness if the organic structure easy becomes immune to the toxins, and many people can transport malaria. 5 )Salmonella Salmonella is a type of bacteriums. It is normally found in domestic fowl, eggs, unrefined milk and in meat and H2O. It may besides be carried by pets like polo-necks and birds. Salmonella is a genus of bacillar Gram-negative enteric bacteria that causes typhoid febrility, paratyphoid and nutrient borne unwellness. Salmonella does non ferment lactose. It is motile in nature and produces H sulfide. Food borne unwellness or nutrient toxic condition is caused by devouring nutrient contaminated with infective bacteriums, toxins, viruses, prions or parasites. Such taint normally arises from improper handling, readying or storage of nutrient. Food borne unwellness can besides be caused by adding pesticides or medical specialties to nutrient, or devouring or by by chance devouring of course toxicant substances like toxicant mushrooms or reef fish. Contact between nutrient and plagues, particularly flies, gnawers and cockroaches, is a farther cause of taint of nutrient S. typhi is a serovar of Salmonella. It causes the disease enteric fever febrility. The being can be transmitted by the faecal-oral path it is excreted by worlds in fecal matters and may be transmitted by contaminated H2O, nutrient, or by individual to individual contact ( with unequal attending to personal hygiene ) . The encephalon senses that there is a bacterial entry of streptococci in your organic structure. It so sends its ain bacteriums to contend it via blood watercourse, but a batch of the clip it does non possess the proper bacteriums and the organic structure is invaded and overtaken by the new bacteriums which so allows it to go through the blood stream shortly impacting all parts of the organic structure. 6 )Human Pappiloma Virus HPV is one of the most common sexually familial diseases. If a adult male or adult females are sexually active, it is likely they will get with HPV at some point in their lives. There are over 100 types of HPV but merely 13 of them are known to do malignant neoplastic disease. The others are harmless or do venereal warts. HPV can do cervical malignant neoplastic disease ; this is a malignant neoplastic disease of the neck which is the entryway to the uterus. HPV infects the cells of the surface of the neck where it can remain for many old ages without you cognizing. The HPV virus can damage these cells taking to alterations in their visual aspect. Over clip, these alterations can develop into cervical malignant neoplastic disease. In most instances Genital warts are transmitted through anal, venereal or unwritten sex with a individual infected with HPV. A individual who s had sexual contact with an septic individual can develop a venereal wart about three months after initial contac t. Poor hygiene can besides be a factor in developing venereal warts. Besides, unprotected sex with a figure of spouses. Undertaking 3 ( D1 ) Gram-positive bacteriums are classified as bacteriums that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram discoloration procedure. Gram-positive bacteriums will look bluish or violet under a microscope, whereas Gram-negative bacteriums will look ruddy or tap. The difference in categorization is mostly based on a difference in the bacterium s cell wall construction. The undermentioned features are by and large present in a Gram-positive bacteria: a really thick cell wall ( peptidoglycan ) . If a scourge is present, it contains two rings for support. Teichoic acids are present, which serve to move as chelating agents, and besides for certain types of attachment Many species of Gram-negative bacteriums are infective, intending they can do disease in a host being. This infective ability is normally associated with certain constituents of Gram-negative cell walls. The undermentioned features are displayed by Gram-negative bacteriums: the cell walls merely incorporate a few beds of peptidogly can. Cells are surrounded by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide outside the peptidoglycan bed. Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for peculiar molecules. There is a infinite between the beds of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane called the periplasmic infinite. The S-layer is straight attached to the outer membrane, instead than the peptidoglycan. If present, scourge have four back uping rings alternatively of two. Lipoproteins are attached to the polyose anchor whereas in Gram-positive bacterium no lipoproteins are present In out experiment for antiseptic techniques we used Bacillus Subtilus and Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli is a gram negative bacteria, they largely found in the lower bowel of warm blooded animate beings. Bacillus subtilus is a gram positive bacteria which is normally found in dirt. To reason, E.coli was killed off by bleach because e.coli contains a subtance which can be killed off by bleach. Bacillus Subtilis was affecte d by the faery liquid because faery liquid contains a strong substance which defeats the elements that bacillus subtilius contains. Bibliography hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/CellStructure.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi? rid=mcb.section.1408 I besides used notes which I wrote in category hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans A2 Level Biology Published by Coordination Group Publications Page 122 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/HPV hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthscout.com/ency/68/384/main.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/salmonella.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amm.co.uk/files/factsabout/fa_salm.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/Eubacteria.html